At present, the Kalina cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are the most widely studied cycles that can utilize low-grade and waste heat sources (see Section 1.5). A standard Kalina cycle uses a mixture of ammonia and water, while the conventional organic Rankine cycles utilize organic substances.

What is the Kalina Cycle®? The Kalina Cycle® is a highly efficient power cycle that transforms heat into power, the Kalina Cycle® utilises an ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid to improve system efficiency and provide more flexibility in various operating conditions.

Similar to a simple Rankine cycle, a basic organic Rankine cycle (ORC) consists of four processes: increasing pressure of the working fluid through a pump, high temperature heat addition through an evaporator, expansion of the high temperature as well as high pressure fluid through a turbine, and low temperature heat ...

The Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid.