At present, the Kalina cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are the most widely studied cycles that can utilize low-grade and waste heat sources (see Section 1.5). A standard Kalina cycle uses a mixture of ammonia and water, while the conventional organic Rankine cycles utilize organic substances.

What is the Kalina Cycle®? The Kalina Cycle® is a highly efficient power cycle that transforms heat into power, the Kalina Cycle® utilises an ammonia-water mixture as a working fluid to improve system efficiency and provide more flexibility in various operating conditions.

2.5 Disadvantages of Kalina Cycle 1) Ammonia is more corrosive compound to water so we use ammonia water mixture. 2) In HVRG the vapor fractions is generally higher then the heat transfer is to vapor so heat transfer coefficient is low so that needs large heat exchangers.

The term kalina describes the berry and krasnaya the color red. Viburnum opulus (kalina) is an important element of the Russian folk culture. Kalina derived in Russian language from kalit' or raskalyat', which means "to make red-hot".