Some of the wasted heat may be recovered using the Rankine cycle, where an intermediate heat transfer loop is added that contains a working fluid whose properties allow it to pass through an expander to capture some of the exergy of the waste heat sources.

The quantity or the amount of available waste heat can be calculated using the equation shown below. (1) Q = V × ρ × C P × Δ T where, Q (J) is the heat content, V is the flowrate of the substance (m³/s), ρ is density of the flue gas (kg/m³), C_p is the specific heat of the substance (J/kg.

Low temperature: 250°F – 450°F, as defined in the study. Medium temperature: 450°F – 1,200°F, as defined in the study. High temperature: 1,200°F – 1,600°F, a new range for high temperature is proposed in this TA.

Steam-Fired Water Heating Low-pressure steam can be used to make hot water for process or domestic use. If the supply of steam from a waste heat source is not continuous, the supplied steam can be kept constant by using a supplemental steam valve. TLV's steam-fired water heater, SteamAqua®, is a typical example.